Solar PV Design

Solar PV modules offer enormous potential to architects and engineers. When the decision is made to integrate solar PV into the building, the whole design process must take account of it. The inclusion of PV modules influences the building’s orientation, footprint, layout and form and BIPV will have a considerable affect on the building fabric.

Integrated PV

As well as generating electricity, an important benefit of building integrated solar PV is that some of its capital cost will be offset by reducing the amount spent on construction materials that would ordinarily have been used in traditional buildings.

PV Orientation

The orientation of the building is an important factor, as only the south facing roof and walls will be suitable for solar PV integration. In the northern hemisphere, the sun will not reach the north facing walls of a building so the visual appearance of these non-solar PV areas must be considered separately.

PV Electricity Demand

Building integrated PV must be considered as an essential part of the energy strategy of the building. The artificial heating and lighting demand must be minimized and the, fixed and portable, electrical equipment must operate as efficiently as possible. The building’s total electricity demand must be calculated to establish accurately the area of the building’s surface that will ultimately be covered with photovoltaic modules. Where electricity is generated in-house, for use in the host building, there is the underlying benefit that the transmission and distribution losses will be negligible.

BIPV Architecture

Building integrated PV presents architects with a host of opportunities to integrate new materials, colours, textures and shapes onto the exteriors of their buildings. A large variety of standard and special solar PV modules are prefabricated for the building integrated PV market.

Small Roof Integrated PV

Solar tiles are a much neater alternative to ‘bolt on’ solar panels for the pitched roofs of houses and small commercial buildings. Solar PV roof tiles are manufactured to the same modular size as large format roof tiles so that they can be integrated into a newly constructed roof or into an existing roof when the roof covering is being replaced.

Large Roof Integrated PV

Waterproof solar PV roofing membrane is available for medium and large commercial and industrial roofs. This high performance roofing solution can be used on new or replacement roofs. It is lightweight, flexible and offers reliable weather protection while, at the same time, converting the sun’s energy into electricity.

PV Rainscreen Cladding

Rainscreen cladding is an established building façade system. It consists of a metal sub-frame in-filled with cladding panels, typically of bricks, brick tiles, terra cotta tiles or ceramic tiles. A variety of solar photovoltaic infill panels, in the form of transparent, semi-transparent or opaque glass, can be incorporated into a rainscreen grid.

PV Glass Curtain Walling

Curtain walling is a very popular, non structural, facade treatment used in commercial building design. It is very stylish, has modern clean lines and is aesthetically pleasing. Curtain walling systems are available with solar PV cells encapsulated between panes of toughened glass. The glass can be opaque or transparent and double or triple glazed with the integrated solar cells.

PV Atria and Canopies

Atria and canopies are horizontal or sloping surfaces where photovoltaic modules can be applied. Solar PV cells can be incorporated into patent glazing over atria and canopies. The PV integration is visible from the inside of the building and the proportion of opaque can be adjusted to provide transparent, semi-transparent or opaque sun shading.

Solar PV Architecture

Solar energy is set to play an increasing role in generating the form and affecting the appearance of modern buildings. As more architects gain experience in incorporating photovoltaic systems into the built environment, this relatively new technology will blend almost invisibly into the worlds urban and rural landscapes.
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Eight Tips for Getting Started in Real Estate Investing

Introduction

This is just the basics for getting started in real estate investing. This article gives you some information about things to do to get started. Everything in this article is tools that can be applied to helping anyone get started in real estate investing. Laws and legal practices vary from state to state, and laws can change over time. I strongly encourages the reader to consult with professionals and an attorney prior to entering in any real estate transaction or contract. With that said prepare yourself to think a little differently and expand your mind. Let’s get started on an amazing adventure.

The Eight Tips are as follows

1. Desire
2. Goal Setting
3. Learning What To Do
4. Attending a Real Estate Investing Seminar
5. The Billings Montana Market
6. Finding a Mentor
7. Your Real Estate Team
8. Just Do IT

When you are apartment hunting, prepare a rental search plan. Be sure to know in advance what you want in an apartment and what you can live without.Decide in advance what areas of the city you could consider living in and make a list of apartment buildings within that perimeter.
Be sure to consider how far and how convenient it will be for you to travel to your job or your school or your family and friends. Also, how far is the apartment from stores, banks, hospitals, Church (if you attend) etc. If you have a car, make sure that there is adequate and convenient parking space 24/7. If you don’t drive make sure that there is close by public transportation.
If you are familiar with the area and its neighborhoods, that gives you a distinct advantage for your apartment search. If, however, you are relocating to a new city or are not particularly knowledgeable about the city, you may want to contact an Apartment Locator or an Apartment Finder.

You Have Located Your “Dream Apartment”

Once you have located your “dream apartment”, or as close to your perfect apartment as possible, now it is necessary to pay extremely close attention to the particulars of the rental agreement. An Apartment Lease is a contract between you and the landlord. Once agreed upon and signed by the tenant and the landlord, the rental lease creates obligations and restrictions for both parties. The most obvious covenants of the apartment lease are the length of the rental, (Six month lease, one year lease, two year lease, etc.) The amount of the security deposit, when the rent is due, who is responsible for what utilities. Also in that apartment lease, however, are stipulations, (sometimes in small print) that can cover a great variety of landlord and tenant obligations and restrictions. They can include, but are not limited to, the following:

o Maintenance of the apartment

o Care of the premises

o Cleanliness

o Insurance

o Use of Common Areas

o Keys and locks

o Loss or damage

o Parking

o Garbage disposal

The Apartment Rental agreement that you sign as a prospective tenant will not change once you become the actual tenant of that apartment.

Good luck in your apartment search and good luck in your new apartment.

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Sellers must know how to start and finish a home sale right. A perfectly marketed, staged and promoted property is bound to fail when you do not understand how to effectively negotiate with prospective buyers. It’s a skill every home seller must learn and be good at. The difference of a good and best deal relies heavily on the seller’s ability to negotiate.

The ultimate goal of negotiating is to arrive at a win-win situation for both you and the buyer. Its basic element is trust. In order to gain it, you must give it. The process should be allowed to move forward. Don’t hesitate to make or request for compromises when negotiating.

Be ready to negotiate

Negotiating with buyers requires sellers like you to prepare for it. First, you ought to determine your goals. They must be realistic. This will serve as a basis when it come to the compromises you will be making eventually. When you take time to prepare for this, you will be more apt to negotiate with potential buyers.

Know what’s negotiable

In negotiation, not every offer will be favourable to you. Thus, a compromise for both parties is expected. It’s essential for you to determine which aspects of your home sale are negotiable prior to negotiating with buyers. When buyers are aware of this, you’re saving them from making vain offers. This will make the negotiation easier and smooth sailing for both seller and buyer.

Adjustments can be made to accommodate either your preference or the buyer’s when negotiating. Of course, this has to be mutually agreed by both parties. You might allow for an extended settlement date in exchange for keeping pieces of furniture.

Identifying aspects of the home sale that are negotiable will help make negotiating easier. It’s a wise decision, for instance, to remove your dining table before viewing appointments if you don’t intend to sell it. On the other hand, you might want to leave your floor carpeted if you wish to up your home’s appeal.

Make counter offers as necessary

As mentioned earlier, a buyer’s offer doesn’t always give you what you want or expect. Thus, you must be prepared to make counter offers when you negotiate. Do not hesitate to ask for adjustments. But you must also be willing to make compromises as well. Making counter offers will allow buyers to understand what you’re capable of compromising. In doing such, you can exhaust every option or alternative you and the buyer have until you reach a mutually satisfying agreement.

An effective negotiation requires careful planning. It’s a lot of work but a definitely an enjoyable task. You just have to be ready for it, determine what you’re willing to negotiate and prepare to make counter offers. If you understand these, you’re on you way to negotiating effectively.

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In today’s over-saturated real estate market, sellers looking for ways to distinguish their properties are touting environmentally friendly and energy-saving features. Recent publications list numerous measures green builders are taking to attempt to capture this market advantage. While home sales remain flat or in decline, the ability to claim certification from the Environmental Protection Agency’s Energy Star program, the National Association of Home Builders, or the U.S. Green Building Council’s LEED for Homes program adds some credibility to green status and translates to increased marketability… or does it?

What do the green certifications really mean to buyers when there may be a lack of overarching standards for the certifying entities? To earn the Environmental Protection Agency’s Energy Star certification, a home needs to be at least 20 percent more efficient than the benchmark for a standard new home. The “bronze” level of certification from the National Association of Home Builders requires adding a few features, such as low-flow toilets, energy-efficient windows to block out heat and dust, and prefabricated roof trusses. These measures – in addition to state and federal tax credits that may also apply – certainly have merit, but how do they convey value to a potential buyer?

Some industry experts believe that the absence of a clear national standard leads to confusion, preventing easy comparisons for both new and existing homes.

Home sellers, and contractors specializing in green retrofits, would do well to focus on measures that enhance indoor environmental quality along with basic energy efficiency. So in addition to swapping conventional light bulbs for CFL’s, removing asbestos, using low VOC paints, and switching to Eco-friendly floor coverings, suggested practices include energy audits and working with qualified consultants to vet your green cred and tap into the possibility of enhanced marketing opportunities.

It is difficult to ascertain the connection between taking steps to green a home – either through new building or energy retrofits – and direct return on investments for these measures. A recent McGraw Hill study showed 81% of home buyers would prefer to buy a green home, even in this sluggish economy. However, buyers’ willingness to pay a premium for green features seems to be connected to how long it takes to recover their investment than environmental concerns. Rising utility rates could well provide the impetus to elevate this as a priority that might influence buying decisions. And even if consumers are unwilling to pay a premium for energy-efficient features, they may well be a distinction that helps move one property over another.
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